Hydraulic transient analysis, also called surge analysis, evaluates the pressure waves that propagate through piping systems when flow conditions change rapidly. Events such as pump trips, valve closures, and sudden demand changes generate pressure spikes or vacuums that can exceed steady-state design limits and damage piping, supports, or equipment. The analysis identifies necessary mitigation measures including slower valve stroke times, surge relief devices, or air chambers to keep transient pressures within acceptable bounds.